Design of Ship Hull Structures

Design of Ship Hull Structures

A Practical Guide for Engineers
Okumoto, Y., Takeda, Y., Mano, M., Okada, T.
2009, XVIII, 578 p. 506 illus., Hardcover

ISBN: 978-3-540-88444-6

About this book

In this book, the four authors show us the condensed experience how to design ship hull structures from a practical viewpoint. In three parts, the book presents the fundamentals, the theory and the application of structural design of hulls. The topics are treated comprehensively with an emphasis on how to achieve reliable and efficient ship structures. The authors have in particular introduced their experiences with the rapid increase of ship sizes as well as the introduction of ship types with a high degree of specialization. The associated early failures of these "new" structures have been analyzed to provide the readers with illustrations why structural design needs to be carried out on several levels in order to ensure that correct loading is applied and that local structural behaviour in properly understood.

Written for:

Designers of ship hull structures; students

Keywords:

• Efficient Ship Structures
• Ship Loading
• Ship Size
• Ship Types
• Structural Vibration

Table of Contents

Part I FUNDAMENTALS1 Philosophy of Hull Structure Design
1.1 Importance of Hull Structure Design - 1.2 Design Procedure of Structures - 1.3 Hull Structure Design Policy - 1.4 Basic Idea of Hull Structure Design - 1.5 Studies on Loads Applied - 1.6 Reliable Design
2 Structural Design Loads
2.1 Introduction - 2.2 Longitudinal Strength Load - 2.3 Transverse Strength Load - 2.4 Ship Response Calculation in Waves - 2.4.1 Introduction - 2.4.2 Strip Method - 2.4.3 Short - Term Prediction - 2.4.4 Long - Term Prediction
3 Strength Evaluation
3.1 General - 3.1.1 Introduction - 3.1.2 Procedure of Structural Strength Evaluation - 3.2 Stress and Strain - 3.2.1 Stress Pattern - 3.2.2 Biaxial Stress Condition - 3.2.3 Combination of Normal Stress and Shearing Stress - 3.2.4 Principal Stress and Principal Shearing Stress - 3.2.5 Equivalent Stress - 3.2.6 Evaluation of Stress Calculated by FEM - 3.3 Evaluation of Stress - 3.3.1 Criteria of Failure - 3.3.2 Allowable Stress - 3.4 Fatigue Strength - 3.4.1 Introduction - 3.4.2 S–N Curve - 3.4.3 Fatigue Damage - 3.5 Buckling of Ship Structure - 3.5.1 Introduction - 3.5.2 Column Buckling - 3.5.3 Plate Buckling - 3.6 Plastic Strength - 3.6.1 Philosophy of Plastic Strength - 3.6.2 Plastic Bending - 3.6.3 Plastic Section Modulus - 3.6.4 Collapse of a Beam - 3.6.5 Collapse of a Plate - 3.7 Vibration in Ship - 3.7.1 Introduction - 3.7.2 Basic Theory of Single Degree of Freedom Vibration System - 3.7.3 Vibration Problems in Ships - 3.7.4 Vibration Prevention Design - 3.8 Selection of Strength Analysis Method - 3.8.1 Introduction - 3.8.2 Type of AnalysisMethod - 3.8.3 Analysis Procedure - 3.8.4 Evaluation of Analysis Result
4 Hull Structure Design System
4.1 Design Flow. - 4.2 Basic Design of Hull Structures - 4.2.1 Role of Basic Design - 4.2.2 Check of General Arrangement - 4.2.3 Check of Other Drawings - 4.2.4 Optimization Technique in Basic Design Process - 4.3 Structural Drawings - 4.3.1 Approval Drawings - 4.3.2 Detail Drawings - 4.3.3 Production Data - 4.4 Standardization - 4.5 Negotiation with Owner
5 Progress in Ship Design
5.1 Increase in Ship Dimensions of Tankers - 5.2 Specialization of Ships - 5.3 Change of Hull Form - 5.4 Ship Vibration Caused by Socio-Economical Change - 5.5 Regulations for Environmental Conservation - 5.6 Technical Innovation
6 Materials
6.1 Hull Steel - 6.2 Grades of Steel - 6.3 Higher - Strength Steel - 6.4 Steel Sections - 6.5 Other Materials - 6.6 Scattering of Material Properties - 6.7 Scattering of Physical Properties - 6.8 Residual Stress
7 Finite Element Method
7.1 Characteristics of FEM - 7.2 Fundamentals of FEM - 7.2.1 StiffnessMatrix - 7.2.2 Plane Stress - 7.3 Procedure of FEM - 7.4 Application of FEM - 7.4.1 Mesh Division - 7.4.2 Loading and Supporting Condition -
7.4.3 Degrees of Freedom
References

Part II THEORY
1 Design of Beam
1.1 Effective Breadth of Attached Plates - 1.1.1 Bending in Elastic Conditions - 1.1.2 EffectiveWidth After Plate Buckling - 1.2 Span Point of Beams - 1.3 Design of Cross Section - 1.3.1 Calculation of Section Modulus - 1.4 Bending Moment - 1.5 Easy Solution of Statically Indeterminate Beams - 1.6 Boundary Condition - 1.7 Cross - Sectional Area of Beams - 1.8 Optimum Design of Beam Section - 1.8.1 Elastic Design - 1.8.2 Plastic Design - 1.8.3 Optimal Proportion for Beams - 1.9 Simply Supported Beams and Continuous Beams - 1.10 Effect of Struts - 1.11 Additional Bending Moment due to Forced Displacement - 1.12 LateralMovement of Beams
2 Design of Girders
2.1 Shearing Force - 2.2 Rational Design of Girders - 2.3 Bottom Transverses Supported by Centerline Girder - 2.4 Deflection of Girders
3 Damage of Girders
3.1 Buckling Caused by Compression - 3.2 Buckling Caused by Bending - 3.3 Buckling Caused by Shearing - 3.4 Buckling Caused by Concentrated Loads - 3.5 Cracks Around Slot - 3.5.1 Cracks of First Generation - 3.5.2 Cracks Propagating into Longitudinals - 3.5.3 Cracks Around Slots due to Shear Stress on Transverses
4 Design of Pillars
4.1 Slenderness Ratio of Pillars - 4.2 Sectional Shape of Pillars - 4.3 Pillar Supporting Tensile Force - 4.4 Connection of Pillar at Top and Bottom - 4.5 Cross Ties - 4.6 Radius of Gyration of Square Section
5 Design of Plates
5.1 Boundary Conditions of Plates - 5.2 Strength of Plates Under Lateral Loads - 5.3 Strength of Plates by In - Plane Loads - 5.4 Plates Supporting Bending and Compression Simultaneously - 5.5 Stress Concentration Around Openings - 5.6 Material and Roll Direction - 5.7 Damage of Plates
6 Design of Stiffened Panel
6.1 Grillage Structure - 6.2 Optimum Space of Girders - 6.3 Optimum Space of Beams - 6.3.1 Design Condition Against Lateral Load like Water Pressure - 6.3.2 Design Conditions from Vibration Viewpoint - 6.3.3 Minimum Plate Thickness - 6.3.4 Optimum Beam Space
7 Torsion
7.1 Overview of the Theory - 7.2 Torsion Theory of Closed Section Bars - 7.3 Torsional Rigidity of Various Sections - 7.4 Torsion Theory of I - Section - 7.5 Torsion Theory of Open Section Bars
8 Deflection of Hull Structures
8.1 Deflection of Hull Girder - 8.2 Deflection of Beams with Optimum Section - 8.3 Deflection of Girders and Web Frames - 8.4 Additional Stress Caused by Deflection - 8.5 Shearing Deflection
9 Welding
9.1 ButtWelding - 9.2 Fillet Welding - 9.3 Fillet Welding with Higher Strength Electrode - 9.4 Water Stopping Welding - 9.5 Scallop and Serration - 9.6 Conversion of Butt Welding to Fillet Welding - 9.7 Long Intermittent Welding - 9.8 Shrinkage of Deposit Metal - 9.9 One SideWelding
10 Fracture Control
10.1 Jack - Knifed Failure of Liberty Ships - 10.2 Fracture Mechanics - 10.2.1 Principles. - 10.2.2 Linear Fracture Mechanics - 10.2.3 Non - Linear Fracture Mechanics - 10.2.4 Fracture Toughness - 10.2.5 Grade of Steel - 10.3 Fatigue Strength Design - 10.3.1 Crack Propagation Calculation by Paris’s Equation - 10.3.2 Fatigue Strength Design Taking into Account Construction Tolerances
11 Hull Structural Vibration
11.1 Introduction - 11.2 Basic Features of Hull Structure Vibration - 11.3 Overview of Ship Vibration - 11.4 Boundary Conditions of Hull Structure Vibration - 11.5 Current Boundary Conditions of Hull Structure Vibration
References

Part III APPLICATIONS
1 Hull Structure Arrangement
1.1 Hold Arrangement - 1.2 Criteria of Design of Hull Structure Arrangement - 1.2.1 Wing Tanks of Tankers - 1.2.2 Bulkhead Arrangement of Bulk Carriers - 1.3 Bulkhead Arrangement Beyond Cargo Hold - 1.3.1 Bow Construction Without Extended Longitudinal Bulkheads - 1.3.2 Engine Room Construction Without Extended Longitudinal Bulkheads
2 Longitudinal Strength of Hull Girder
2.1 Allowable Stress for Longitudinal Strength - 2.2 Position of Maximum Longitudinal Bending Moment - 2.3 Calculation of Section Modulus of Hull Girder - 2.4 Longitudinal Strength and Hull Steel Weight - 2.5 Application of High Tensile Steel - 2.6 Longitudinal Strength Analysis in Waves - 2.7 Arrangement of Longitudinal Strength Members - 2.8 Stress Concentration on Longitudinal Strength Members - 2.9 Additional Bending of Local Members Due to Hull Girder Bending - 2.10 Longitudinal Bending Stress in Fore & Aft Parts of Ship - 2.11 Hull Steel Weight Reduce to Ultimate Strength
3 Transverse Strength of Ship
3.1 Allowable Stress for Transverse Strength - 3.2 Long Taper & Snake Head - 3.3 Shape of Bottom Transverse in Center Tank - 3.4 Shape of Bottom Transverse in Wing Tank - 3.5 Transverse Strength of Tanker - 3.5.1 Cross Ties - 3.5.2 Load Applied on Transverse Strength Members - 3.5.3 Inside Pressure in Wide Tanks - 3.5.4 Connection Between Transverse Ring and Side Shell - 3.5.5 Buckling onWeb of Transverse Rings - 3.5.6 Straight Type and Circular Type Construction - 3.5.7 Transverse Rings at Fore & Aft Parts of Tank - 3.6 Transverse Strength of Ore Carrier - 3.7 Transverse Strength of Bulk Carrier - 3.8 Transverse Strength of Container Ships
4 Torsional Strength
4.1 Structural Damage Due to Torsion (Example No. 1) - 4.2 Structural Damage Due to Torsion (Example No. 2)
5 Shell Structure
5.1 Thickness of Shell Plates - 5.2 Shell at Bottom Forward - 5.3 Shell at Bow Flare - 5.4 Bilge Shell - 5.5 Shell near Stern Frame - 5.6 Shell Damage
6 Bulkheads
6.1 Strength of Bulkhead Plates - 6.2 Horizontal Girders on Transverse Bulkheads (in Center Tank) - 6.3 Horizontal Girder Arrangement on Bulkheads - 6.4 Vertical Stiffeners on Transverse Bulkheads - 6.5 Swash Bulkheads - 6.6 Horizontal Stiffeners on Transverse Bulkheads - 6.7 Minimum Thickness of Longitudinal Bulkhead Plates - 6.8 Sharing Ratio of Shearing Force - 6.9 Corrugated Bulkheads - 6.10 Horizontal Girders on Corrugated Bulkheads - 6.11 Stiffness of Corrugated Bulkheads Against In - Plane Loads
7 Deck Structure
7.1 Stress Concentration at Hatch Corners - 7.1.1 General - 7.1.2 Contour Shape Optimization of Container Ship Hatch Corners - 7.2 Deck Strength for Locally Distributed Loads - 7.3 Deck Sustaining Upward Loads - 7.4 Damage to Deck Structure
8 Double Hull Structure
8.1 Structural System of Double Hull Structure - 8.2 Double Hull Structure and Single Hull Structure - 8.3 Examples of Double Hull Structures - 8.3.1 Cargo Ships - 8.3.2 Tankers - 8.3.3 Container Ships - 8.3.4 Nuclear Ships - 8.3.5 Large Bulk Carriers
9 Fore Construction
9.1 Structural Arrangement - 9.2 Structure of Shell Construction - 9.3 Vertical Acceleration Depending on Pitching - 9.4 Deck Structure - 9.5 Structural Continuity - 9.6 Large Damage in Fore Construction
10 Engine Room Construction
10.1 Engine and Pump Rooms Arrangement - 10.2 Rigidity Criteria in Engine Room Structure Design - 10.2.1 Double Bottom in Engine Room - 10.2.2 Panel, Web, Stiffener Etc - 10.3 Design of StructuralMembers in Engine Room - 10.4 Girders and Floors in Engine Room Double Bottom - 10.5 Problems Caused by Deflection of Engine Room Double Bottom - 10.6 Deflection of Engine Room Double Bottom - 10.6.1 Bending and Shearing Deflection of Hull Girder in the Vicinity of Engine Room - 10.6.2 Deformation ofWeb FrameWhich Supports Engine Room Double Bottom - 10.6.3 Bending and Shearing Deflections of Engine Room Double Bottom Itself - 10.7 Allowable Limit of Deflection of Engine Room Double Bottom - 10.8 Control of Deflection of Engine Room Double Bottom - 10.9 Sea Chest in Engine Room Double Bottom
11 Stern Construction and Stern Frame
11.1 Aft Peak Tank Construction - 11.2 Vibration of Stern Structure - 11.2.1 Vibration of Stern Overhang 515
11.2.2 Transverse Vibration of Stern Bossing of a Single Screw Vessel - 11.2.3 Vertical Vibration of Twin Bossing in Twin Screw Vessel - 11.3 Stern Frame
12 Vibration Prevention
12.1 Exciting Forces - 12.1.1 Magnitude of Propeller Excitation - 12.1.2 Magnitude of Diesel Engine Excitation - 12.1.3 Magnification of Exciting Force by Resonator - 12.1.4 Cancellation of Exciting Force - 12.1.5 Reduction of Main Engine Exciting Force by Elastic Mounting - 12.2 Prevention of Ship Vibration - 12.2.1 Flexural Vibration of Hull Girder - 12.2.2 Vibration of Superstructure - 12.2.3 Active Mass Damper for Superstructure Vibration - 12.2.4 Vibration of In - Tank Structures - 12.2.5 Calculation Methods of Natural Frequency of In - Tank Structures
13 Superstructure
13.1 Example of Damage to Long Superstructures - 13.2 Interaction of Superstructures and Main Hull - 13.3 Magnitude of Longitudinal Bending Stress - 13.4 Prevention of Structural Failures - 13.4.1 Structural Discontinuity - 13.4.2 Round Shape of Side Wall Opening Corner - 13.4.3 Buckling - 13.4.4 Expansion Joints
References
Index

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